Dans la course pour éviter un changement climatique incontrôlable, deux technologies d'énergie renouvelable sont présentées comme la solution pour alimenter les sociétés humaines :l'éolien et le solaire. Mais pendant de nombreuses années, les éoliennes ont été sur une trajectoire de collision avec la conservation de la faune. Les oiseaux et autres animaux volants risquent la mort par impact avec les pales des turbines, ce qui soulève des questions sur la faisabilité du vent en tant que pierre angulaire d'une politique mondiale d'énergie propre. Maintenant, une paire d'études de suivi des animaux de l'Institut Max Planck du comportement animal et de l'Université d'East Anglia, au Royaume-Uni, a fourni des données GPS détaillées sur le comportement de vol des oiseaux susceptibles de collision avec les infrastructures énergétiques. La première, une étude à grande échelle de 1 454 oiseaux de 27 espèces, a identifié des points chauds en Europe où les oiseaux sont particulièrement menacés par les éoliennes et les lignes électriques. La seconde a fait un zoom sur le comportement des oiseaux lorsqu'ils volent à proximité d'éoliennes, révélant que les individus éviteront activement les éoliennes s'ils se trouvent à moins d'un kilomètre. En suivant le mouvement des oiseaux avec des appareils GPS de haute précision, les deux études fournissent les données biologiques détaillées nécessaires pour étendre l'infrastructure d'énergie renouvelable avec un impact minimal sur la faune.

La production d'énergie éolienne a augmenté au cours des deux dernières décennies avec l'engagement mondial de passer aux énergies renouvelables à partir de combustibles fossiles émetteurs de carbone. La capacité européenne d'énergie éolienne terrestre devrait presque quadrupler d'ici 2050, et les pays du Moyen-Orient et d'Afrique du Nord, comme le Maroc et la Tunisie, ont également pour objectif d'augmenter la part de l'approvisionnement en électricité provenant de l'éolien terrestre.

"We know from previous research that there are many more suitable locations to build wind turbines than we need in order to meet our clean energy targets up to 2050," said lead author Jethro Gauld, a Ph.D. researcher in the School of Environmental Sciences at University of East Anglia. "If we can do a better job of assessing risks to biodiversity, such as collision risk for birds, into the planning process at an early stage we can help limit the impact of these developments on wildlife while still achieving our climate targets."

Pinpointing collision hotspots in Europe

An international team of 51 researchers from 15 countries, including the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior in Germany, collaborated to identify the areas where these birds would be more sensitive to onshore wind turbine or power line development. The study, published in Journal of Applied Ecology , used GPS location data from 65 bird tracking studies to understand where they fly more frequently at danger height—defined as 10 to 60 meters above ground for power lines and 15 to 135 meters for wind turbines. "GPS tracking provides very accurate data on location and flight height, which cannot be obtained from direct observation, particularly from large distances," says Martin Wikelski, director at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and co-author on the study. "This study represents the first time GPS data from so many species has been pooled to create a comprehensive picture of where birds are at risk.

The resulting vulnerability maps reveal that the collision hotspots are particularly concentrated within important migration routes, along coastlines and near breeding locations. These include the Western Mediterranean coast of France, Southern Spain and the Moroccan Coast—such as around the Strait of Gibraltar—Eastern Romania, the Sinai Peninsula and the Baltic coast of Germany. The GPS data collected related to 1,454 birds from 27 species, mostly large soaring ones such as white storks. Exposure to risk varied across the species, with the Eurasian spoonbill, European eagle owl, whooper swan, Iberian imperial eagle and white stork among those flying consistently at heights where they risk collision. The authors say development of new wind turbines and transmission power lines should be minimized in these high sensitivity areas, and any developments which do occur will likely need to be accompanied by measures to reduce the risk to birds.

How birds behave near turbines

As well as providing location and flight height, GPS loggers open up an additional frontier in efforts to better plan energy infrastructure. "With GPS tracking we are able to understand exactly how birds behave as they fly close to the turbines," says Carlos Santos, an Affiliated Scientist of the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and an Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Pará, in Brazil. "Knowing how close they fly, and whether or not wind or other factors influence their flight behavior, is very important to mitigate collision rates as it can help better planning of wind farms."

A team of scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the University of East Anglia focused their attention on the black kite, a very common soaring bird that migrates through the Strait of Gibraltar, the narrow straight between southern Spain and North Africa. "The Strait of Gibraltar is the main migratory bottleneck for birds in western Europe but it's also a hotspot for wind farms," says Santos. "We wanted to see how soaring birds behave in this area, which represent a serious threat during their migration to Africa."

This study, published in Scientific Reports , looked at GPS information from 126 black kites as the birds approached wind turbines. The data showed that birds avoided flight paths straight to turbines as they flew closer to them. The birds started to deviate from turbines one kilometer away, but this effect was even more pronounced within 750 meters and when the wind was blowing towards the turbines. "This means that they recognize the risk of the turbines and keep a safe distance from them," says Santos.

The authors say collecting GPS data from the interaction between birds and turbines is extremely difficult. Says Santos:"You need to tag many animals to increase the chances of recording their behavior near the turbines. This is why our dataset is so uncommon. Fortunately, GPS tracking studies are becoming more common and hopefully in the near future we will be able to gather data of this sort for other soaring bird species." The authors stress that understanding how the birds perceive wind turbines and which factors attenuate or exacerbate their perception is critical to learn where to place turbines and to develop effective deterrents.