Toutes les théories du complot concernant la zone 51 n'impliquent pas de petits hommes verts (ou gris). Certains tournent autour d'une organisation obscure (ou d'un groupe d'organisations) dédiée à l'avènement du Nouvel Ordre Mondial. Les ovnis et les histoires de rétro-ingénierie ne sont que des tactiques que ces organisations utilisent pour détourner le public de leur véritable objectif :la domination du monde.
Une affirmation commune aux déclarations de Lazar et aux théories d'autres passionnés d'OVNI est une organisation secrète connue sous le nom de MJ-12, parfois appelé Majestic ou Majic 12. Ce groupe comprenait à l'origine une douzaine d'individus extrêmement puissants comme le président Harry S. Truman, les chefs d'organisations comme la CIA et les hommes d'affaires puissants. Des documents signalés comme appartenant à ce groupe ont fait surface, principalement comme les découvertes de l'ufologue William L. Moore, y compris les papiers portant les signatures présidentielles. Les sceptiques ont examiné ces documents et découvert de nombreux signes qu'ils sont des faux, y compris des signatures qui semblaient avoir été copiées à partir d'autres documents officiels et collées sur les papiers du MJ-12 [sources :UFO Casebook, FBI]. Les théoriciens du complot dénoncent les sceptiques comme étant soit dupés, soit effectivement employés par le gouvernement.
D'autres théoriciens disent que les documents MJ-12 sont des faux, mais des contrefaçons officielles faites par le gouvernement pour faire dévier les gens. La plupart des croyants appartiennent à l'un de plusieurs groupes, et souvent chaque groupe accusera les autres de promouvoir activement la désinformation pour cacher la vérité.
Les théories les plus extrêmes sur les extraterrestres de la zone 51 affirment que non seulement les extraterrestres sont ici sur Terre, ils dirigent le spectacle. Apparemment, le gouvernement américain a accepté de permettre aux étrangers d'enlever des personnes à volonté, expérimentez sur ces citoyens sans défense et même les broyez en une pâte qui sera ensuite étalée sur les extraterrestres comme source de nutrition.
D'autres théoriciens disent que les extraterrestres sont là pour utiliser les humains pour créer une créature hybride, puisque les extraterrestres eux-mêmes ne sont plus capables de se reproduire par eux-mêmes. Certains offrent de l'espoir avec des rapports de fusillades entre les forces gouvernementales et les extraterrestres, aboutissant au retour du gouvernement au pouvoir.
" " La boîte aux lettres noire (maintenant blanche) Photo gracieuseté de Glenn Campbell
Parce que l'espace aérien autour et au-dessus de la zone 51 est utilisé pour des vols d'essai et des missions d'entraînement, il est tout à fait possible (et même probable) que vous voyiez des avions voler au-dessus de vous. Parfois, cet avion peut être exotique, peut-être même non identifiable à l'œil non averti. Même un avion familier peut vous faire croire que vous avez vu quelque chose qui n'appartient pas à cette Terre.
Les sceptiques soulignent que de nombreuses observations d'OVNI signalées coïncident commodément avec l'arrivée quotidienne prévue des vols de Janet vers la base. Bon nombre des projets anciennement classés de la zone 51 semblent vraiment être d'un autre monde. Les drones en particulier semblent étranges, car ils ne nécessitent pas de cockpit ou de portes. En outre, de nombreux exercices d'entraînement utilisent des fusées éclairantes pour tirer des missiles ou même simplement pour distraire les spectateurs pendant que des avions secrets effectuent des manœuvres.
Un endroit populaire pour surveiller les ovnis est la "Boîte aux lettres noire" sur la Nevada Highway 375 (alias Extraterrestrial Highway). La boîte aux lettres appartient à un éleveur local et est devenue célèbre lorsque Robert Lazar a déclaré que c'était l'endroit où il amènerait les gens pour regarder les vols d'essai programmés d'engins spatiaux extraterrestres. Aujourd'hui, la boîte aux lettres a été repeinte en blanc et l'éleveur a répété à plusieurs reprises qu'il ne croyait pas qu'aucun des engins volant au-dessus de sa tête ne soit d'origine extraterrestre [source :Powers].
Dans la section suivante, nous examinerons une partie de la controverse entourant la zone 51.
Controverse dans la zone 51
Les travailleurs de la zone 51 ont dû endurer des conditions difficiles depuis les premiers jours de l'installation. Dans les années 1950, quand le focus de la base testait l'avion espion U-2, la CIA a dû cesser ses opérations et évacuer l'installation en raison d'essais nucléaires à proximité sur le site d'essais voisin du Nevada (NTS). Parfois, la Commission de l'énergie atomique (AEC) annonçait des tests plus tôt que prévu pour laisser aux résidents à proximité le temps d'évacuer s'ils le jugeaient nécessaire, mais d'autres fois, les tests restaient inopinés. Les résultats de ces tests pouvaient être vus depuis des villes distantes de 161 kilomètres. Les habitants de Las Vegas organisaient souvent des excursions vers les sommets avoisinants et des pique-niques face aux champignons.
En 1957, un tel test appelé HOOD faisait partie d'un programme global appelé Opération Plumbbob, qui a été conçu pour voir si les bombes nucléaires endommagées émettaient des niveaux nocifs de radioactivité. L'AEC a fait exploser un dispositif nucléaire de 74 kilotonnes 1, 500 pieds (457 mètres) au-dessus de la zone 9 du SNRC. Il s'agit de la plus puissante explosion aérienne jamais déclenchée au-dessus de la zone continentale des États-Unis [source :Department of Energy]. L'AEC n'a pas annoncé le test à l'avance, bien qu'ils aient dit à la zone 51 d'évacuer à l'avance. L'explosion qui en a résulté a causé des dommages mineurs à la zone 51, principalement des fenêtres et des portes brisées. Les radiations étaient une préoccupation beaucoup plus importante, et, En réalité, le sol de la zone 51 a absorbé beaucoup de radiations au cours des années d'essais nucléaires.
Nettoyage de la zone 51
En 1980, le gouvernement a autorisé un programme d'élimination des sols irradiés autour de Groom Lake. Les photos satellites confirment que les équipages ont retiré d'énormes quantités de saleté de la zone. Les villes environnantes ont signalé une augmentation des taux de cancer et beaucoup ont poursuivi le gouvernement (avec divers degrés de succès), prétendre que les tests les ont rendus malades.
Un autre danger dans la zone 51 impliquait l'élimination de technologies et de véhicules classifiés. Dans les années 1980, les équipages de la zone 51 ont creusé en grand, fosses à ciel ouvert et y déversaient des matières toxiques. Ils ont brûlé les matériaux à l'aide de carburéacteur et ont été exposés à des produits chimiques et à des fumées [source :Jacobs].
According to a lawsuit filed against several government officials, the workers requested safety equipment such as breathing masks, but were denied due to budgetary concerns. When they asked if they might bring their own equipment, their superiors told them that for security reasons they could not bring outside equipment into the base, except gloves. Several civilian employees became sick from the exposure -- two eventually died. Helen Frost, the widow of Area 51 employee Robert Frost, and several Groom Lake employees worked with attorney Jonathan Turley to file the lawsuit [source:Jacobs].
One interesting item from the lawsuit that has since caused a big stir in Area 51 circles is the submission of an unclassified security manual into evidence. Turley argued that the manual not only proved the base existed, it also proved the government was aware of the dangers of handling hazardous waste and acted with negligence toward the employees at Area 51. The government retroactively classified the security manual, and Judge Philip Pro didn't allow it as evidence [source:Jacobs]. Some claim the manual to be a fake, though if this is the case it raises a question -- why would the government declare a fake document to be classified information?
President Bill Clinton signed an executive order in September 1995 exempting Area 51 from disclosure of the results of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigations of the site. The order referred to Area 51 as "the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake, Nevada." Judge Pro eventually dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that investigation into the claims constituted a breach of national security. Turley argued that this set a dangerous precedent in that the government could now hide crimes through the excuse of national security [source:Jacobs]. The policy relieved the government of accountability to the people it represents.
Area 51 still allows the EPA to inspect the facility to ensure it meets environmental requirements. Cependant, all reports are classified and can't be published. Many argue that without publication of the results, the facility remains unaccountable. Clinton's executive order permits the reports to remain sealed, despite the fact that the law requires all such reports be made available to the public. The president must renew the order each year, and as of 2013, that's still the case.
Dans la section suivante, we'll look at the town of Rachel, Nev., which has received more than its share of attention as the closest town to Area 51.
The Truth is Out There Area 51 is the most well-known secret facility ever created. It's been an important setting for numerous novels, cinéma, television shows, video games and music. But two examples stand out as being particularly important. The long-running TV show "The X-Files" and the hit movie "Independence Day" both followed UFOlogists' theories about the real purpose of the base .
Living in the Shadow of Area 51 " " Pat and Joe Travis, owners of the Little A'Le'Inn, posed in front of their motel in Rachel, Nev., in 1996. James Aylott/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
You might think that living close to a place like Area 51 could make you a little strange. A visit to Rachel, Nev., might just change your suspicion to certainty. The town is populated by 54 people (according to the 2010 census), most of whom have a strong sense of independence and more than a touch of eccentricity.
According to former Rachel resident Glenn Campbell, Rachel's documented history began on March 22, 1978, at 5:45 p.m. Not many towns can narrow down their origins so precisely. Campbell points out that on that date, power companies first supplied the Sand Springs Valley with electricity. Before this momentous occasion, only a few hardy farmers and a mining company occupied the valley [source:Campbell and Grover].
Dans les années 1970, small numbers of people with a pioneering spirit and desire to live their lives free of interference began to settle the valley. One of those families was the Joneses, who became famous in their small community upon the birth of Rachel Jones, the first child born in the valley. The loose community felt the name Sand Springs lacked distinction and Rachel's birth marked an important event in the town's history. So they named the town Rachel. The Joneses didn't stick around much longer, and sadly, Rachel passed away from a respiratory ailment at the age of 3 [source:Campbell and Grover].
There's very little to see in Rachel, but it does feature a motel and bar called the Little A'Le'Inn (get it?), a Baptist church and a senior center and thrift store.
Rachel is home to several interesting characters, many of whom have pet theories about Area 51. A few work for the Air Force, though that's about as much information as you'll get from them. Pat and Joe Travis run the Little A'Le'Inn and have made a business out of selling T-shirts and alien-themed souvenirs. Toujours, most of the people in Rachel will tell you they don't think the UFOs are anything other than flares, UAVs or military aircraft on training missions.
Glenn Campbell established the Area 51 Research Center. He would often go to a lookout spot he named Freedom Ridge where he could legally view the facility from several miles away. Campbell wrote a newsletter called the Desert Rat, keeping people up-to-date on activities at the base. He campaigned against what he considered to be excessive government secrecy, arguing that the government was creating an environment of mistrust with the public. He also created a Web site that linked to dozens of news stories and timelines about the base. Although he no longer updates the site, it's still available for you to explore. Campbell has since moved on from his focus on the secret base and no longer lives in Rachel.
The residents of Rachel seem to treat interest in their community with bemused patience. To them, sonic booms in the middle of the night and bright light shows are all normal, everyday events. Just about everyone in the valley has had to replace a window cracked by a sonic boom or held a piece of airplane wreckage (Area 51's history includes several spectacular crashes).
Dans la section suivante, we'll look at a timeline for Area 51 from its founding to the present.
A Brief History of Area 51
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, the Army Air Corps (precursor to our modern Air Force) built several runways in Nevada, including a pair of small runways at Groom Lake. They named the spot the Army Air Corps Gunnery School. After the 1940s, the runways were abandoned [source:Mahood].
In the early 1950s, the CIA entered a partnership with Lockheed to develop high altitude aircraft to use in surveillance missions. Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed helmed the project. He formed a department of engineers and test pilots that eventually took on the name Skunk Works . The Skunk Works department was famous for being very secretive and nearly fanatical in the pursuit of their goals.
The CIA and Johnson both knew that secrecy was critical to their success, and so Johnson needed to find a location to develop and test secret aircraft. He wanted a location that was remote enough to avoid notice, yet still close enough to a major city so that supplying the facility would not be a monumental task. The site would need to be easily accessible by aircraft and out of the way of commercial and military flight paths. It would also need space to house a sizable force of military and civilian employees.
In 1955, he traveled to Nevada with test pilot Tony LeVier, special assistant to the CIA director, Richard Bissell and Air Force liaison, Col. Osmond Ritland, to find a good place to use as a base of operations for test flights. Ritland trained at the Gunnery School and told Johnson about it. Johnson decided the location was ideal for their operations [source:Merlin].
Johnson named the area "Paradise Ranch" as a way to encourage workers to move there. Eventually it was just called "The Ranch."
Four months later, crews completed the initial construction. U-2 test flights began and President Dwight Eisenhower signed an executive order restricting the airspace over Groom Lake. The CIA, the Atomic Energy Commission and Lockheed oversaw base operations. Finalement, control of the base would pass to the Department of Energy and the Air Force.
Roswell Versus Area 51 While Area 51 and Roswell are often mentioned in the same breath, the two locations are pretty far from each other. Roswell is in New Mexico and, according to Google Maps, is 891 miles (1, 433 kilometers) away from Area 51. The trip would take you more than 15 hours to get there by car, and by most reports it's not a very exciting drive.
A Time Line of Events at Area 51
The following is a time line beginning soon after Area 51's construction [sources:Mahood, Merlin, Collins, Jacobsen]:
1957: The AEC distributes "Background Information on Nevada Nuclear Tests" to the press. The booklet describes a small base at Groom Lake called the Watertown Project. The booklet claimed the facility was part of a project to study weather.
1961: The restricted airspace expands upward, but not outward -- it measures 5 by 9 nautical miles (9 by 17 kilometers) in size, but extends up to space and is designated R-4808N. Un an plus tard, the Department of the Air Force expands the space again, but this time the perimeter grows to 22 by 20 nautical miles. (41 by 37 kilometers). This forms the "Groom Box, " or just "the Box, " as it is known today. No flights, whether commercial or military, are allowed in the restricted space (except the test flights from the base itself).
1962: The first A-12 arrives at Groom Lake. The first test flight takes place two months after the aircraft's arrival to the base. CIA pilots arrive at the base nearly a year later to begin flight training.
1967: The first MiG 21, a Soviet aircraft, arrives at Groom Lake. Officials name the testing program of MiG aircraft "Have Doughnut." Some pilots begin to call the restricted airspace above Groom Lake "Red Square."
1977: Years before the public became aware of the Stealth Fighter, the first F-117A prototype arrives at Area 51. It's called the "Have Blue."
1982: The first flight of the vehicle known as "Tacit Blue" takes place at Groom Lake. Like the F-117A, Tacit Blue is a stealth vehicle.
1984: The base petitions for an additional 89, 000 acres of land to increase the size of restricted space around the facility. Guards forbid the public from entering this area before it is officially withdrawn, raising concern and criticism of illegality from locals and tourists. The land request is approved by Congress three years later.
1988: A Soviet satellite photographs Area 51. Popular Science magazine runs the photograph, giving most U.S. citizens their first chance to glimpse the secret base.
1989: Robert Frost, a civilian employee at Area 51, dies. An autopsy shows that his body contained high levels of dangerous chemicals like dioxin and dibenzofuran. His widow, Helen, and other affected workers, file a lawsuit against several government officials, in 1994. Frost claims her husband died as a result of exposure to dangerous chemicals.
1989: Robert Lazar appears on television and claims to have worked on reverse engineering alien technology at a site not far from Groom Lake.
1995: Area 51 acquires two locations popular with tourists and curious locals, Freedom Ridge and White Sides Peak, and closes them to the public. President Clinton signs an executive order exempting Area 51 from legislation and investigation in order to preserve national security.
1996: Nevada names Route 375, formerly known as the "loneliest highway in America, " the "Extraterrestrial Highway." Skeptics around the world groan in unison.
2007: It appears that crews are building a new hangar, much larger than the existing hangar. One Web site claims the hangar's size to be 200 by 500 feet (61 by 152 meters) and 100 feet tall (30 meters).
2009: Several former Area 51 staffers, including two former military test pilots, described their work at the site.
2013: Area 51 is identified by that name for the first time in declassified CIA documents, though all operations at the facility are still kept secret. No mention is made of aliens in the documents.
2017: The New York Times reported that between 2007 and 2012, the Pentagon spent $22 million annually to study UFOs at the request of Senate majority leader Harry Reid. The program ended when funding dried up.
2019 :Over 1 million people signed up to a joke Facebook event calling for folks to raid Area 51 and "see them aliens." The Air Force was not amused, reminding would-be raiders that "[Area 51] is an open training range for the U.S. Air Force, " according to the Washington Post.
Recherche scientifique sur les extraterrestres ScienceAliens et ovnisComment fonctionnent les extraterrestresScienceAliens et ovnisEnlèvements d'extraterrestresScienceAliens et ovnisAliens nusScienceAliens et ovnisEnlèvements d'extraterrestres :êtes-vous entre de bonnes mains ?ScienceAliens et ovnisCommuniquer avec des extraterrestres est difficile. Communiquer avec Alien AI pourrait être plus difficile Mais...Science Phénomènes inexpliquésLe célèbre « Wow ! » Le signal n'était-il probablement pas des extraterrestres bavards après toutScienceLes extraterrestres et les ovnis pourraient-ils vraiment regarder de vieilles émissions de télévision ? La vie va exploser sur Terre ? Les extraterrestres et les ovnis devraient-ils masquer la Terre pour la cacher aux extraterrestres maléfiques ? Système solaireLa météorite mystérieuse est venue du monde extraterrestre depuis longtempsScienceExploration de l'espaceUn monde extraterrestre monstrueux orbite une petite étoile naine rougeScienceLes extraterrestres et les ovnisY a-t-il enfin une preuve d'implants extraterrestres dans les corps humains?ScienceLe système solaire Nous, Avec l'aimable autorisation de Natural SelectionScienceExploration de l'espacePetit, Les mondes extraterrestres se présentent sous deux formes :les super-terres et les mini-Neptunes. Malheureusement pasScienceExploration de l'espaceUn monde extraterrestre de la taille de la Terre orbite autour d'une étoile « calme », Stimuler le potentiel habitableScienceExploration de l'espaceVie étrangeScienceAliens et ovnisLa rencontre ovni de Valensole en 1965ScienceAliens et ovnisLa rencontre ovni RB-47ScienceAliens et ovnisComment fonctionne la zone 51 Recherche sur les extraterrestres HistoireHistoire contre mytheUn extraterrestre a-t-il contacté des pêcheurs japonais en 1803 ? Beaucoup plus d'informations
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